India’s 450GW renewable energy goal depends on power flexibility scaling

The integration of growing amounts of variable renewable energy requires power system flexibility, which can be achieved through various solutions, such as energy storage, including grid-scale batteries and pumped hydro, flexible generation options, such as gas-fired peaking power plants, demand-side management measures, and enhanced market design.

India is committed to increasing its renewable energy capacity to 450 gigawatts (GW) by 2030. While this requires massive amounts of investment in the sector, and Rs1.04 trillion (US$12.6 billion) in the first nine months of the fiscal year (FY) 2022–23 is a good sign, it also means planning for a flexible generation.

The need for flexible systems
Enhanced flexibility in the power system is necessary to reap the full benefits of the proposed renewable energy capacity. Renewable energy is variable and intermittent, affecting system operation and supply. Injecting more variable renewable energy into the system calls for a set of solutions that enable enhanced flexibility and responsiveness of the grid and system.

There are both demand- and supply-side solutions. These include flexible generation options such as gas-fired peaking power plants, energy storage including pumped hydro and grid-scale batteries, demand-side management measures, and improved market design.

Demand-side management
Demand-side management (DSM) is another important tool for enhancing grid flexibility and integrating more renewable energy into the system. It involves encouraging consumers to alter their electricity usage patterns with incentives to use electricity at offpeak hours and syncing with renewable energy availability.

At present, DSM remains limited to commercial and industrial (C&I) users with a time-of-day (ToD) tariff. As part of ToD tariffs, electricity distribution companies levy different charges based on the timing of electricity usage. This penalises use during peak hours and can encourage use during periods of excess solar availability.

For instance, the Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (APERC) modified its ToD tariff for high-tension industrial consumers in its 2022–23 order. The modifications accommodated high and low grid demand with a larger penalty for high season and included a day slot with a 0.50 rupee per unit discount.

Regulators should expand this to other consumers to avoid renewable energy curtailment. Kerala, for example, has in place a ToD tariff for domestic users consuming more than 500 units per month.

As electricity generation becomes more decentralised with rooftop solar and solar pumps, there is a greater need to incentivise demand response. Other countries offer lessons in this regard. South Korea, with 4.55 GW of capacity registered in demand response markets, effectively reduced consumption by 29 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in one month alone.

Third-party aggregators can play a critical role in enabling demand-side flexibility for end-users through virtual power plants. There are different demand response aggregators in developed countries, such as CPower in the United States, Flexitricity in the United Kingdom, and Actility in France, which act as an intermediary between the consumer and the grid.

Flexible generation and storage
Energy storage will be key to integrating higher levels of renewable generation. As a stopgap until storage options become more widely available and affordable in India, some existing gas-based power plants could be used to serve peak demand or provide gridbalancing ancillary services.

Gas-based peaking power plants can provide flexible generation and help balance the grid with rapid ramp-up rates and start times. A recent study by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA) found that operating up to 12.5 GW of existing gas-based capacity using domestically produced gas, complemented by 20 GW of four-hour battery energy storage systems (BESS), could meet maximum peak demand through 2030 as an economical medium-term solution for integrating renewable energy. Standalone grid-scale battery energy storage is expected to reach commercial scale in India by 2030.

BESS can be useful for distribution companies and transmission utilities to meet peak power demand and decongest transmission systems. In addition, grid operators can benefit from storage systems for ancillary services such as frequency regulation, black start, and load management.

India’s green hydrogen mission, with an outlay of almost Rs 20,000 crore (US$2.45 billion), could also be helpful for grid flexibility. Power-to-hydrogen is a useful method for enhanced flexibility for industrial users and as a storage option for excess renewable energy.

A market-based approach to flexibility services
Ancillary services are expensive in India and are currently offered mostly by thermal generation reserves. New market design models and regulations are necessary to allow the participation of more efficient options like BESS and pumped hydro storage (PHS) to support the grid.

The regulation on ancillary services issued by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in January 2022 is a step in that direction. It provided for the procurement of ancillary services from market-based mechanisms to maintain the grid frequency of 50 Hz. An IEEFA report noted that this move could open more revenue streams for energy storage systems and encourage enhanced deployment, further benefiting renewable energy integration in the system.

Another example of a market-based approach for obtaining flexibility is the introduction of renewable energy and storage tenders in the last few years in India. More such steps will help decarbonise the grid.

The introduction of flexibility options in the power system in India is at a very nascent stage. However, the current small steps will need to grow if India wants to take advantage of the planned renewable energy capacity additions. For instance, the recent approval from the regulator for introducing trading in the High Price Day Ahead Market (HP-DAM) includes battery storage and imported gas-based plants as eligible sellers. This will promote battery storage and grid flexibility.

Karnataka: An example for other states to follow
Karnataka is a leading example of efforts for enhanced renewable energy integration, which other states can follow.

Karnataka, as a leading renewable energy-generating state, is taking important steps to enhance grid flexibility and operations. The government recently approved an Rs4,000 crore (US$0.49 billion) grid connected PHS unit through a public private partnership.

Further, the Karnataka Renewable Energy Policy 2022–27 aims to develop the energy storage market in the state with round-the-clock renewable energy tenders, energy storage systems, PHS projects with private investments, and energy storage-as-a-service (ESaaS). There are, however, no mandatory obligations for co-locating storage with renewable energy or any storage target for the policy period, which could slow the pace of energy storage deployment.

The state is also looking at demand side management measures to increase renewable energy use, such as shifting agriculture demand to daytime. The state government has also invited tenders for the solarisation of agriculture feeders, covering 75,000 individual pump sets.

With 50 percent renewable energy installed capacity and 30 percent energy consumption from clean energy, the firmness and flexibility of the electricity market and grid are critical for Karnataka. Therefore, the state must keep taking concrete steps in that direction.